小江断裂带地壳运动特征及地震危险性研究     

刘耀辉  李金平  王刘伟 《测绘工程》2015,(7)

利用1999~2013年间川滇地区的GPS速度场观测数据和块体模型研究小江断裂带地壳运动特征及地震危险性。结果表明:小江断裂带闭锁程度较高,应变量积累较大,在地表以下6km的闭锁程度约为0.94,滑动亏损速率约为(9.2±0.4)mm/a,整条断裂带左旋走滑速率约为(10.8~12.1)mm/a。结合小江断裂带上的历史地震数据估算,小江断裂带未来地震最大震级为7.3级,与近年来断裂带活动较为活跃相吻合。  相似文献   

轨道扣件病害自动化检测研究及应用     

侯海倩  唐超  赵丽凤  张昊 《测绘通报》2021,(8):88-92

传统扣件检查基本采用人工检查方式,不仅工作效率低、劳动强度大,而且人为干扰因素多、检查采样率低。针对以上问题,本文提出了一种基于线结构光传感器的轨道扣件损伤和松动检测方法,并开发了轨道扣件智能监测系统以实现扣件病害自动检测。最终将研究成果应用于徐州市某地铁区间轨道扣件检测,验证了该方法的可行性和准确率,为地铁轨道扣件检查提供了新方法。  相似文献   

基于高通量测序方法分析荣成月湖潮间带趋磁细菌多样性     

张文燕  潘红苗  董逸  杜海舰  陈一然  吴龙飞  肖天 《海洋科学》2019,43(3):1-10

荣成月湖是一个典型天然潟湖,潮间带沉积物中存在多种形态趋磁细菌。通过Roche454高通量测序平台,对沉积物样品(B_S)和磁收样品(B_M)进行16SrRNA基因高通量测序,认识荣成潮间带沉积物的细菌群落结构,并了解趋磁细菌多样性及系统进化地位。研究结果表明沉积物样品中主要的细菌类群为δ-变形菌纲,占总细菌数的26.4%,其次是γ-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲;而磁收样品中细菌多样性和种类明显降低,以α-变形菌纲占绝对优势,相对比例达72.6%。在磁收样品和沉积物样品分别发现了1 612条和186条reads与趋磁细菌相关,分别占细菌总数的5.76%和0.85%,磁收样品中趋磁细菌数是沉积物样品的6.8倍。对两个样品中获得的趋磁细菌序列进行系统进化分析,发现这些序列多数属于变形菌门的α-变形菌纲,以趋磁球菌占绝对优势,少数属于δ-变形菌纲,与多细胞趋磁原核生物亲缘关系最近。海洋趋磁螺菌属仅在B_M样品中检出,趋磁弧菌属在B_M样品优势度高于B_S样品,而多细胞趋磁原核生物和趋磁螺菌属在B_S样品中优势度更高。通过分析样品间的差异OTUs,认为荣成潮间带沉积物中可能存在大量未知的趋磁细菌新类群。研究结果为下一步培养和开发趋磁细菌这一功能菌群,发现趋磁细菌新类群及趋磁细菌生态功能提供了基础资料。  相似文献   

Biogeochemistry of dissolved carbon,major, and trace elements during spring flood periods on the Ob River     

Sergey N. Vorobyev  Oleg S. Pokrovsky  Larisa G. Kolesnichenko  Rinat M. Manasypov  Liudmila S. Shirokova  Jan Karlsson  Sergey N. Kirpotin 《水文研究》2019,33(11):1579-1594

Detailed knowledge of the flood period of Arctic rivers remains one of the few factors impeding rigorous prediction of the effect of climate change on carbon and related element fluxes from the land to the Arctic Ocean. In order to test the temporal and spatial variability of element concentration in the Ob River (western Siberia) water during flood period and to quantify the contribution of spring flood period to the annual element export, we sampled the main channel year round in 2014–2017 for dissolved C, major, and trace element concentrations. We revealed high stability (approximately ≤10% relative variation) of dissolved C, major, and trace element concentrations in the Ob River during spring flood period over a 1‐km section of the river channel and over 3 days continuous monitoring (3‐hr frequency). We identified two groups of elements with contrasting relationship to discharge: (a) DIC and soluble elements (Cl, SO₄, Li, B, Na, Mg, Ca, P, V, Cr, Mn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ba, W, and U) negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with discharge and exhibited minimal concentrations during spring flood and autumn high flow and (b) DOC and particle‐reactive elements (Al, Fe, Ti, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, REEs, Hf, Tl, Pb, and Th), some nutrients (K), and metalloids (Ge, Sb, and Te), positively correlated (p < 0.05) with discharge and showed the highest concentrations during spring flood. We attribute the decreased concentration of soluble elements with discharge to dilution by groundwater feeding and increased concentration of DOC and particle‐reactive metals with discharge to leaching from surface soil, plant litter, and suspended particles. Overall, the present study provides first‐order assessment of fluxes of major and trace elements in the middle course of the Ob River, reveals their high temporal and spatial stability, and characterizes the mechanism of river water chemical composition acquisition.  相似文献   

Root‐zone moisture replenishment in a native vegetated catchment under Mediterranean climate     

Xiang Xu  Huade Guan  Grzegorz Skrzypek  Craig T. Simmons 《水文研究》2019,33(18):2394-2407

The root‐zone moisture replenishment mechanisms are key unknowns required to understand soil hydrological processes and water sources used by plants. Temporal patterns of root‐zone moisture replenishment reflect wetting events that contribute to plant growth and survival and to catchment water yield. In this study, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of twigs and throughfall were continuously monitored to characterize the seasonal variations of the root‐zone moisture replenishment in a native vegetated catchment under Mediterranean climate in South Australia. The two studied hillslopes (the north‐facing slope [NFS] and the south‐facing slope [SFS]) had different environmental conditions with opposite aspects. The twig and throughfall samples were collected every ~20 days over 1 year on both hillslopes. The root‐zone moisture replenishment, defined as percentage of newly replenished root‐zone moisture as a complement to antecedent moisture for plant use, calculated by an isotope balance model, was about zero (±25% for the NFS and ± 15% for the SFS) at the end of the wet season (October), increased to almost 100% (±26% for the NFS and ± 29% for the SFS) after the dry season (April and May), then decreased close to zero (±24% for the NFS and ± 28% for the SFS) in the middle of the following wet season (August). This seasonal pattern of root‐zone moisture replenishment suggests that the very first rainfall events of the wet season were significant for soil moisture replenishment and supported the plants over wet and subsequent dry seasons, and that NFS completed replenishment over a longer time than SFS in the wet season and depleted the root zone moisture quicker in the dry season. The stable oxygen isotope composition of the intraevent samples and twigs further confirms that rain water in the late wet season contributed little to root‐zone moisture. This study highlights the significant role of the very first rain events in the early wet season for ecosystem and provides insights to understanding ecohydrological separation, catchment water yield, and vegetation response to climate changes.  相似文献   

Numerical and theoretical research on stress distribution in the loosening zone of the trapdoor problem     

Luju Liang  Changjie Xu 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(7):1426-1447

The traditional theory of soil arching effect was developed on the assumption that stress distribution in the loosening zone is uniform. However, because of the deflection of principal stress' direction, the stress distribution in the loosening zone is actually ununiform. For the evaluation of principal stress axis deflection and stress redistribution, a discrete element method numerical model of trapdoor problem is established for the simulation of soil arching effect. Based on the numerical results, an arc shape of major principal stress trajectory and uniform horizontal stress distribution at the same depth of the loosening zone are adopted. An analytical model is raised to estimate the average loosening earth pressure acting on the trapdoor and stress distribution in the loosening zone at a limit state. In addition, comparison studies are carried out between the predictions of the proposed solutions and discrete element method numerical results as well as available model test results, thereby validating the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model. Both numerical and theoretical results indicate that the vertical stress distribution in the loosening zone is obviously ununiform. The load acting in the middle of loosening zone is transferred toward two sides so that the vertical stress distribution in loosening zone is concave.  相似文献   

郯庐断裂带苏皖段重力变化的多尺度分解与构造活动分析     

林承灏  黎哲君  徐如刚  袁泉 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(9):884-889

基于多期绝对重力与相对重力联测资料，获取不同时空尺度的郯庐断裂带苏皖段及周边地区重力场动态变化，采用小波多尺度分解方法计算不同深度的重力变化，结合区域地质构造，从深度层次的横向变化与时间尺度的纵向变化2个方面进行分析。结果表明，研究区重力变化主要由中、上地壳密度变化或断裂构造活动引起。沿郯庐断裂带苏皖段走向断裂活动分布不均，受周边深大断裂带交切作用的影响表现出明显的分段活动特征。淮阴-响水口断裂、滁河断裂等深大活动断裂带构造活动对局部重力变化具有一定的控制作用，沿断裂带走向分布有明显的重力变化梯度带；郯庐断裂带郯城-泗县段、大别山构造带霍山-六安及江苏溧阳-镇江地区在小波细节动态变化中存在重力变化梯度带异常区，但强度不高，考虑到多条深大断裂交切于此，后期需要重点关注。  相似文献   

Water mining from the deep critical zone by apple trees growing on loess     

Huijie Li  Bingcheng Si  Pute Wu  Jeffrey J. McDonnell 《水文研究》2019,33(2):320-327

There have been significant recent advances in understanding the ecohydrology of deep soil. However, the links between root development and water usage in the deep critical zone remains poorly understood. To clarify the interaction between water use and root development in deep soil, we investigated soil water and root profiles beyond maximum rooting depth in five apple orchards planted on farmland with stand ages of 8, 11, 15, 18, and 22 years in a subhumid region on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Apple trees rooted progressively deeper for water with increasing stand age and reached 23.2 ± 0.8 m for the 22‐year‐old trees. Soil water deficit in deep soil increased with tree age and was 1,530 ± 43 mm for a stand age of 22 years. Measured root deepening rate was far great than the reported pore water velocity, which demonstrated that trees are mining resident old water. The deficits are not replenished during the life‐span of the orchard, showing a one‐way mining of the critical zone water. The one‐way root water mining may have changed the fine root profile from an exponential pattern in the 8‐year‐old orchard to a relative uniform distribution in older orchards. Our findings enhance our understanding of water‐root interaction in deep soil and reveal the unintended consequences of critical zone dewatering during the lifespan of apple trees.  相似文献   

长江三角洲蓝图重绘的基础科学问题:进展与未来研究     

汪亚平  贾建军  杨阳  周亮  冯威  高建华  魏稳  李占海  史本伟  高抒 《海洋科学》2019,43(10):2-12

在全球气候变化和人类活动影响加剧的背景下,作为河口海岸重要子系统的三角洲正在发生快速变化。长江三角洲地处长江入东海交汇处,是中国最重要的经济核心区之一,对邻近区域乃至整个长江经济带经济社会发展都起着重要作用。由于全球变暖、海面上升和强烈人类活动引发了三角洲系统状态转换,因此以往基于恒定系统状态而获得的有关长江三角洲的认识已不能满足未来需求,迫切需要对未来海面变化、极端事件、流域与河口工程影响下的三角洲物质循环条件、物理过程、地貌冲淤演化、源-汇格局调整等科学问题进行深入研究。在三角洲系统行为、未来演化趋势的预测能力建设中,应重视从海面到海底的综合立体观测系统的发展,以获取关键数据;基于三角洲系统的时、空演化特征,建立三角洲本征态和衍生态的谱系理论。未来需针对系统状态转换而调整原先的经济社会发展模式,以便保护自然资源、重建生态系统,更好地支撑长江经济带发展,重绘长江三角洲发展蓝图。  相似文献   

低温超导瞬变电磁法在内蒙古四子王旗地质勘探中的应用     

包苏新  董丙元  裴易峰  荣亮亮  邱隆清  杜尚宇 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(4):1211-1218

瞬变电磁法（transient electromagnetic method，TEM）是金属矿探查的有效手段。超导瞬变电磁法采用高灵敏度低温超导量子干涉器件（superconducting quantum interference device，SQUID）直接接收瞬变电磁二次场，具有本征噪声低（5~7 fT/√Hz）和带宽大（>200 kHz）等特点，勘探浅层分辨率高、探测深度大，优势明显。本文将SQUID系统与商用EM67系统进行了异常环对比实验，验证了以SQUID代替感应线圈作为接收装置的优势与实用性；将该方法应用于内蒙古四子王旗大井坡北部区域的电磁勘探工作，获取了高质量探测数据，反演结果显示浅层和中深层（> 2 000 m）为连续性低阻层；在已有地质资料和物探资料的基础上，结合反演结果可知，测线附近浅层500 m存在北东向断裂带，并推断深部2 000 m处分布着同向断裂带。  相似文献